“天问一号”问世后,大家纷纷对其名称产生了兴趣,众多媒体报道其为屈原诗歌“天问”,但殊不知在“天问”背后,还有一段令人惋惜的,中国历史上对宇宙探索的搁浅。
天问,是屈原在春秋战国时期对自然现象的由衷发文,充分体现了屈原对自然的敬畏与探索的欲望。其中“自明及晦,所行几里?”这一问,其实已经将星球转动、日夜交替联系起来了。
由此,中国将“老祖宗”的文学作品作为火星探测任务的名称,既带有中国传统文化的浪漫,又带着中国人几千年前为问而问,对真理的不懈追求,意义非凡。
今天,我们就从宇宙探测器的命名说起,聊聊中国乃至世界对探索宇宙的期望。
一般而言,如探测任务是前往某星球,就可以用星球的名字直接命名,比如探测金星的探测器,有金星1号、金星2号,一直到金星10号。
并且,还有为纪念推动宇宙探测发展的科学家而起名的探测器,如土星探测器“卡西尼惠更斯号”,木星探测器“伽利略号” 等,即是以科学家命名的。
此外,有些探测器则被赋予了一定的意义。以火星探测器举例,美国的火星探测器名为“凤凰”(PHOENIX),即不死鸟。在中国的神话故事中,凤凰浴火重生,也与火有关,带有美好的寓意。
中国探测器的取名,则一直以来带着“浪漫”的文学元素。如“嫦娥”、“玉兔”,“鹊桥”等均是中国神话中优雅、唯美的形象。
从上述探测器起名的情况看,“天问”似乎与历史上各种起名方式都有所不同,这其中加入了一丝文学的气息。但如追溯这段历史,足够让我们后人为之惋惜。
人类对宇宙的探索,似乎是近代的事,但根据中国的古书记载,许多天体其实早就被发现了。
比如中国人在鲁文公十四年,即公元前 613 年,就已记载了“秋七月,有星孛入于北斗”,这是有记载的人类发现最早的哈雷彗星。
除此之外,太阳黑子、日食、月食、流星,超新星爆炸的“天关客星”等,中国均有保存大量资料,它们甚至是现代科学的重要参考。
这一切均源于中国人祖先的求知欲、探索欲,他们为解答心中的疑惑而探索,只为问而问,别无他求。
然而,中国古代制度最终却发展成并不允许学者无限制地拓展思维,并且要限制他们的求知欲,因为那可能会动摇皇室的权位和古代社会稳定的根基。
从秦始皇的“焚书坑儒”到汉武帝的“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”,均让中国历史上沉淀的各家学说有所消亡。因此,秦汉的学者虽想对未知的自然、宇宙一探究竟,却被皇权现实所击垮。
现在,我们无从考证屈原所说的“自明及晦,所行几里”说的是哪颗星体,最有可能的是太阳、也许是金星、也许是水星、也许是火星。但不可否认的是,屈原已将明晦(白天与黑夜)与星体运动结合了起来。
按照这个思路继续探索下去,中国人很有可能发现“日心说”,甚至荧惑(火星)的绕日轨道是椭圆的等结论,又怎么会让我们落后了数百年后才知晓呢?
说到这里,不免让人觉得有些唏嘘惋惜。
不过人类终究是要向前看,“天问一号”如能实现到达火星、环绕火星、登陆火星三项任务,并让探测小车成功登陆火星,那将是中国科技历史性的飞跃。
图为登陆火星的美国探测器“海盗一号”
目前,我们还没有给“天问一号”的探测小车取名,我想我们可以叫它“赤兔”。
如它能真正到火星上执行任务,它将让中国仅次于美国,稳坐世界火星探测科技的“第二把交椅”,而中国自有“人中吕布,马中赤兔”之说,加上赤兔马为汗血宝马、日行千里且身体赤红,与火星地表颜色神似,似乎非常合适!
这一切的一切,还要看今年7月份“胖五”发射的情况。并且从地球到火星需要经历很长时间,我们将密切关注“天问一号”的动向,将其包含的知识点与大家分享!
1
Three leopards escaped a safari park① in one of China’s biggest cities
杭州野生动物世界三只金钱豹外逃
A leopard remains on the loose② near one of China’s biggest cities after three of the big cats escaped a zoo over the busy May Day holiday. Residents living near the Hangzhou Safari Park, which did not inform the public for a week that the leopards had escaped, spotted the wild cats last week and alerted authorities, according to an announcement from the Fuyang District government. Surveillance footage posted online showed one of the leopards walking near the upscale③ Jinyuan Villa area east of the park on Friday. Search teams were dispatched, and two of the leopards were recovered, the local government said in a statement on Monday. Now a massive hunt has been launched for the third, with officials and locals searching on foot and by drone④. In a statement Saturday, the zoo said administrators felt as the leopards were all juveniles⑤, there was little risk, but added it was a mistake and “we sincerely accept the criticism” made by the public. (CNN)
热闹的五一长假期间,三只金钱豹从中国特大城市一家动物园逃出,目前仍有一只在逃。据富阳区政府公告,住在杭州野生动物世界附近的居民上周即发现了这些野生金钱豹并报警,而豹子出逃一周了,该动物园都未公开信息。网上发布的监控录像显示,5月7日有一只豹子在动物园东边的高档小区金苑山庄附近行走。10日,当地政府在一份通报中表示,已派出搜索队并找回两只豹子。当前对第三只豹子的大规模追捕已经展开,当地官员和市民出动人力和无人机搜寻其踪迹。8日,该动物园在一份声明中表示,管理人员认为出逃的金钱豹仍未成年、攻击性较弱,但补充说他们犯了错误,并“诚恳接受”社会公众的“批评”。
【注释】
① safari park: [səˈfɑːri pɑːk] n. a park in which wild animals move around freely and are watched by visitors from their cars 野生动物园
② on the loose: (of a person or an animal) having escaped from somewhere; free (人或动物)已逃出;自由
③ upscale: [ˌʌpˈskeɪl] adj. designed for or used by people who belong to a high social class or have a lot of money 高档的;高级的
④ drone: [drəʊn] n. an aircraft without a pilot, controlled from the ground 无人驾驶飞机
⑤ juvenile: [ˈdʒuːvənaɪl] n. connected with young people who are not yet adults 少年的;未成年的
【相关阅读】
热点|杭州野生动物世界金钱豹外逃事件!
(Credit: caixinglobal.com)
2
At least 9 dead in school shooting in Russia
俄罗斯喀山校园枪击事件致至少九人死亡
A gunman in the Russian city of Kazan opened fire at a school early Tuesday, killing at least seven students, a teacher and a school worker, and injuring 21 others, Russian officials said. The governor of Tatarstan, an oil-rich, Muslim-majority region where Kazan is the capital, said seven of the dead were eighth-grade students at Kazan’s School No. 175. “We have lost seven children ... four boys and three girls,” Rustam Minnikhanov told state TV. He said a 19-year-old “terrorist” who was “officially registered as a gun owner” had been arrested in the attack. The gunman was identified by Russian media, which said he was a former student and had announced his intention to carry out the attack on social media. President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences① to the relatives of the victims and ordered his government to tighten the country’s already strict gun laws even more. (NPR)
5月11日,俄罗斯官员表示,当天早晨一名持枪者在俄罗斯喀山市一学校开枪射击,已造成至少9人死亡、21人受伤,死者包括7名学生、1名教师及1名职工。喀山市是俄罗斯鞑靼斯坦共和国首府,该共和国石油资源丰富,以穆斯林为主。鞑靼斯坦共和国领导人鲁斯塔姆·明尼哈诺夫称,其中7名死者为喀山市第175中学八年级学生。他向国家电视台表示“我们失去了7个孩子……4名男生和3名女生,”并称行凶的19岁“恐怖分子”已在袭击中被捕,他通过“合法注册拥有枪支”。俄罗斯媒体已确认枪手身份,他曾是第175中学的一名学生,在袭击前于社交媒体宣布了犯罪企图。俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京对遇难者亲属表示哀悼,并责令政府继续收紧持枪规定。
【注释】
① condolence: [kənˈdəʊləns] n. sympathy that you feel for somebody when a person in their family or that they know well has died; an expression of this sympathy 吊唁;慰唁
(Credit: AP Photo)
3
Israel launches airstrikes① after rockets fired from Gaza in day of escalation
巴以冲突升级:以色列空袭加沙回应巴勒斯坦火箭弹攻击
Israel and Palestinian militants in Gaza have been exchanging fire through the night after clashes in Jerusalem Monday left hundreds injured and tensions sky high②, prompting an uptick③ in the violence, official sources and pictures showed. Israeli airstrikes have left at least 24 dead, including nine children, in Gaza, according to Palestinian health officials. The Israel Defense Forces says it killed 15 militants. Meanwhile, at least six were injured in the Israeli city of Ashkelon on Tuesday morning after a residential building was struck with rocket fire from Gaza and after the Al-Qassam Brigades, the militant wing of Hamas, vowed to “make Ashkelon hell.” The IDF said on Tuesday morning that 200 rockets have been fired from Gaza towards Israel since the hostilities flared④ Monday. (CNN)
官方消息和图片显示,以色列和加沙地带的巴勒斯坦武装分子彻夜交火,致使暴力局势升级。5月10日在耶路撒冷发生的冲突中,数百人受伤,令态势极度紧张。巴勒斯坦卫生官员称,以色列的空袭已造成加沙地区至少24人死亡,其中包括9名儿童。以色列国防军声称,至少15名武装分子丧命。与此同时,11日上午,以色列阿什克伦一栋居民楼被来自加沙的火箭弹击中,至少有6人受伤。此前,哈马斯下属武装派别卡桑旅发誓要“让阿什克伦变成人间地狱”。以色列国防军11日上午表示,自10日激烈冲突爆发以来,加沙已向以色列发射了200枚火箭弹。
【注释】
① airstrike: [ˈeə straɪk] n. an attack made by aircraft 空中打击;空袭
② sky high: [ˌskaɪ ˈhaɪ] adv. to a level that is very high or too high 极高地
③ uptick: [ˈʌptɪk] n. a small increase in the level or value of something (程度或价值的)小幅上升
④ flare: [fleə (r)] v. (especially of anger and violence) to suddenly start or become much stronger (尤指愤怒和暴力)突发;加剧
(Credit: Reuters)
4
Central Paris could be almost car free by 2022
巴黎拟于2022年之前实现市中心无车化
As part of its strategy to reduce traffic in the French capital, the Paris city council has announced plans to introduce a “low traffic zone” in the centre of the city by 2022. The Paris city council is launching a consultation① with residents on Wednesday about implementing a low traffic zone or zone apeisée in the centre of the city—a measure that already exists in other European and French cities like Lille and Nantes. The objective is to drastically reduce traffic in an area comprising the city’s four central arrondissements② by 2022. This would mean that only “residents, buses, taxis but also artisans, professionals and delivery trucks will be allowed to circulate in this perimeter③,” Paris’s deputy mayor David Belliard told Le Parisien newspaper. However, the exact details of who will be allowed to enter the low traffic zone are still to be defined during the consultation. (TheLocal.fr)
作为减少法国首都巴黎交通量的部分措施,巴黎市议会宣布在2022年前将在市中心引入“低车流区”,并于5月12日开始就该措施向居民征求意见。低车流区已在里尔、南特等法国城市和欧洲其他地方实行。巴黎市议会此举目的是在2022年之前,大幅减少四大中心区所在区域的交通流量。巴黎副市长大卫·贝利亚德对《巴黎人报》表示,实行该措施意味着将只有“当地居民、公共汽车、出租车、手艺人、专业人士及送货卡车可以在这一区域内穿行”。然而,一些确切细节仍有待民意征询确定,比如到底允许哪些人驶入低车流区。
【注释】
① consultation: [ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn] n. the act of discussing something with somebody or with a group of people before making a decision about it 咨询;商讨;磋商
② arrondissement: [æˈrɒndiːsmɒ̃] n. an administrative division in some French- or Dutch-speaking countries (法语或荷兰语国家的)行政区;巴黎全市划分为20个区,并以顺时针方向加以编号,第一到第四区为巴黎市中心
③ perimeter: [pəˈrɪmɪtə(r)] n. the outside edge of an area of land (土地的)外缘,边缘
(Credit: Thibault Camus/AP)
5
China says its population is still growing, if slowly, in once-a-decade census
十年一度人口普查表明中国人口仍在持续低速增长
China released its once-a-decade census results on Tuesday, rejecting whispers① that the country may have reached the inflection point② where its population begins to shrink. Still, officials acknowledged the looming demographic③ challenges of an aging population and a stubbornly④ low birthrate. According to the census, China’s population reached 1.41 billion in 2020, up from 1.40 billion in 2019. Average annual population growth over the past decade was 0.53 percent. “The population growth rate will continue to slow down in the future,” said Ning Jizhe, a commissioner⑤ of China’s National Bureau of Statistics, at a news conference in Beijing. Chinese researchers have forecast that the country’s population will peak in the next few years. Cai Fang, a scholar who sits⑥ on the monetary policy committee of the People’s Bank of China, estimated that the peak may come before 2025. China is still the world’s most populous country, but with India narrowing the gap. (The Washington Post)
5月11日,中国公布了十年一度的人口普查结果,驳斥了人口已达拐点将开始缩减的传言。但同时官员也承认,人口老龄化和持续低生育率带来的挑战迫在眉睫。根据人口普查数据,中国人口在2020年达到14.1亿,比2019年的14亿有所增加,过去十年的年均人口增长率为0.53%。“未来人口增长率将继续放缓,”中国国家统计局专员宁吉喆在北京的一次新闻发布会上说。中国研究人员预测,中国人口将在未来几年内达到峰值。在中国人民银行货币政策委员会专家委员蔡昉估计,该峰值可能会在2025年前到来。中国仍然是世界上人口最多的国家,但印度与中国的人口差距正在缩小。
【注释】
① whisper: [ˈwɪspə(r)] n. a piece of news that is spread by being talked about but may not be true 传言;谣传
② inflection point: a time of significant change in a situation; a turning point 拐点
③ demographic: [ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk] adj. relating to the population and different groups within it 人口的;人口学的
④ stubbornly: [ˈstʌbənli] adv. in a way that is difficult to get rid of or deal with 难处理地,难应付地
⑤ commissioner: [kəˈmɪʃənə(r)] n. an official in charge of a government department 委员,专员,特派员
⑥ sit: [sɪt] v. to have an official position as something or as a member of something (在……中)任职;任(……的)代表;担任
(Credit: Noel Celis/AFP/Getty Images)
6
Biden administration① to resume border wall construction
拜登政府将重启边境墙工程
The Biden administration will resume construction of the southern border wall as the immigration crisis continues to spiral② out of control. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) confirms on Thursday that it will restart construction on a 13.4 mile stretch of the levee③ in the Rio Grande Valley. The decision reportedly follows pressure from local residents and politicians to mend the incessant crossing surge. Priority repairs are set to begin in six weeks to prevent flooding, followed by the establishment of a concrete levee wall fit with safety barriers in six to nine months. “Wall construction remains paused to extent permitted by law. Per④ DHS, we’ve started critical work to repair the Rio Grande Valley’s flood levee, which was excavated to make way for border wall. This remediation⑤ work will not involve expanding border barrier,” USACE stated. (Fox News)
随着移民危机加剧至失控,拜登政府将重启南部边境筑墙工程。美国陆军工兵部队5月13日证实,兵团将重新开始修建格兰德河谷地段长达13.4英里的河堤。据报道,做出这一决定是因当地居民和政界人士对政府施加压力,要求阻止非法移民大量越境。重点维修工作将在六周内开始,预防洪灾;接下来六至九个月,将修建一堵适合作为安全屏障的混凝土堤墙。“边境墙工程目前仍依法暂停。根据国土安全部的指令,我们已经开始了修复格兰德河谷防洪堤的关键工作,防洪堤的挖掘是为了给边境墙打下基础,修复工作不会扩大边境墙范围,”美国陆军工兵部队表示。
【注释】
① administration: [ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn] n. the government of a country, especially the US (尤指美国)政府
② spiral: [ˈspaɪrəl] v. to increase rapidly 急剧增长
③ levee: [ˈlevi] n. a low wall built at the side of a river to prevent it from flooding防洪堤
④ per: [pə(r)] prep. according to 按照,根据
⑤ remediation: [rɪˌmiːdiˈeɪʃn] n. the process of improving something or correcting something that is wrong 补救;纠正
(Credit: Border Report photos/Sandra Sanchez)
7
China succeeds on country’s first Mars landing attempt with Tianwen-1
天问一号成功着陆火星
China has become only the second nation to successfully land a spacecraft on Mars on May 15, joining the United States. Tianwen-1’s orbiter① section successfully separated from its lander② section, which then successfully landed on Mars’ Utopia Planitia③, carrying with it a small rover④ called Zhurong. Like all Mars landing attempts, a lot needed to go right for the Tianwen-1 lander to safely touchdown in Utopia Planitia. Now that the lander has touched down in Utopia Planitia, the spacecraft will begin a planned 90 Sols⑤ of surface operations, conducting geology, minerology and geophysical investigations, among others. The successful landing marks a breakthrough, not only for the growing space agency⑥, but also for the wider space community. (NASASpaceFlight)
中国航天器成功着陆火星,中国成为继美国之后,第二个成功登陆火星的国家。5月15日, 天问一号着陆巡视器与环绕器成功分离,然后成功降落在火星乌托邦平原,天问一号着陆巡视器上载有“祝融号”小型火星车。像所有火星登陆计划一样,天问一号安全着陆乌托邦平原需要大量工作准确无误的完成。着陆巡视器降落乌托邦平原之后,将开始计划的90个火星日的地表操作,进行地质、矿物和地球物理等方面的调查研究。对于发展中的中国航天局及世界范围内的航天界而言,天问一号成功登陆均是一大突破。
【注释】
① orbiter: [ˈɔːbɪtə(r)] n. a spacecraft designed to move around a planet or moon rather than to land on it (绕天体作轨道运行的)宇宙飞船;轨道飞行器
② lander: [ˈlandə(r)] n. a spacecraft, particularly a probe, designed to set down on the surface of another celestial body (用以登陆月球或行星进行探测的)着陆器,着陆舱
③ planitia: [plaːˈnɪʃiə] n. the Latin word for plain; used in the naming of plains on extraterrestrial objects (planets and moons) (拉丁文,用于天体命名)平原
④ rover: [ˈrəʊvə(r)] n. a vehicle for exploring extraterrestrial bodies 在星体表面探索的车子
⑤ Sol: [sɒl] n. a solar day on Mars (equivalent to 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35 seconds) 火星日(等于24小时39分35秒)
⑥ space agency: a government agency engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration 航天局
【相关阅读】
热点|火星火了:天问着陆,祝融发博,四海同庆!
(Credit: Mack Crawford)
北京化工大学
杨云千 编译
吴昕怡、高梓豪 朗读
张菊 审订
自“天问一号”面向外界“亮相”后,引起广大群众的无限遐想,它如何到达火星?如何绕火星轨道飞行?在火星上做些什么?对中国、对世界有什么样的意义?最近几期内容,李博士将为大家详细解答。
在讲今天的内容之前,我们先来回顾一下往期的内容。
地球到火星的距离非常远,最近的“冲”的位置(点击查看“冲”的概念→探索火星——火星逆行是什么?)也有5500万公里,因此太空船想从地球到火星,必须计算好地球与火星的运行轨迹,即计算“发射窗口期”。
发射窗口期,是地球与火星达到“冲”位置前的100天,窗口期一般两年多一点出现一次,而2020年7月则是最近的一次窗口期,这也是“天问一号”要在今年发射的原因。
太空船需要达到第二宇宙速度(11公里/秒)才能脱离地球,如探测器以太阳为参考系,则需要达到41公里/秒的速度(11公里/秒加30公里/秒的地球公转速度)。
由于宇宙飞船脱离地球后仍要对抗“太阳引力”,因此,从地球到火星的过程,是宇宙飞船“爬坡”的过程。这一过程,是以霍曼轨道的线路完成的。
如此,大约过200天左右的航程,宇宙飞船即可到达与火星在地球出发点“合”的位置与火星会合。在它“爬坡”的过程中,动能在逐渐转化为势能,宇宙飞船的速度会逐渐变慢,而后,就是我们今天要讲的内容了。
到达火星后,我们就需要以火星为参考系来计算宇宙飞船的速度了。由于火星引力比地球小,宇宙飞船环绕火星的速度不得高于5公里/秒,否则就不会被火星的重力场捕捉住。
同样,如果探测器速度太小,它会被火星急速抓住,很可能失控撞向火星,这也不是我们理想的状态。因此,探测器到火星后一般要维持略低于5公里/秒的速度接近火星,才是最佳状态。
所以,宇宙飞船到达火星后第一件要做的事就是通过反射火箭方式减速,大概需20至25分钟的减速过程,就可以降低约1公里/秒,剩下大约4公里/秒的速度。
以每秒4公里的速度在约离火星地表400公里的高度进入火星轨道,宇宙飞船绕火星的运行轨迹是一个大的椭圆形。距离火星表面近点大概是400公里,而远点可以达到最远40000公里。
在刚到达火星时,太空船经过约47个小时,才能围绕火星转完一圈椭圆形轨道。这相较地球卫星要长的多,因为地球太空站围绕地球转一圈时间也仅需要1个半小时。
之后,宇宙飞船还要把“近火点”调低到距离火星表面约100公里处,能碰到火星稀薄的大气,火星大气压是地球气压的1/150,虽然小但存在,宇宙飞船每经过一次,就会受大气阻力减速。
这种减速方式节省燃料,但会增加减速时间,从上图可以看出,如果完全依赖火星大气减速,一般大概经过1年半、甚至两年的时间,才可能减速至图片最左边的圆形轨道。实际操作,为了更快实现最终圆形任务轨道,皆会使用高压反喷气体减速,以期在数月内,完成轨道调整。轨道在逐渐成圆形的过程中,还要提高 “近火点”约至300公里,环绕周期为两小时左右的任务圆形轨道。
中国“天问一号”任务,太空船最终要登陆火星,在这之前,需要将通讯卫星“留下”,使其绕火星公转。而通讯卫星,并非简单地绕火星的“赤道”运行。
如果通讯卫星绕赤道旋转,它仅能观察火星赤道北纬、南纬一定范围内的景象,想要看到火星的全部景象,就必须让卫星轨道通过南极北极,如此火星每旋转一圈,就会被通讯卫星观察全景一次。
这类近于环绕火星南北极轨道是火星与地球通讯卫星最理想轨道。 我们更可以通过仔细设计,使卫星轨道永远正面对着太阳。这类轨道,通称为太阳同步轨道。这样,依靠太阳能电池的卫星就可以永远在连续充电的状态下运转。
卫星环绕火星
说完留在火星轨道的卫星,再来说说进入火星的太空船。太空船进入火星,需要突破火星大气,这个过程也不简单。太空船需要找到正确的切入角度,不可“用力过猛”或“蜻蜓点水”,因这可能会导致太空船被“烧毁”或被大气反弹回来。
宇宙飞船需要以合适的角度加反射火箭助力,进入火星大气,突破“黑障区”(黑障区指穿透大气时,宇宙飞船与大气摩擦,产生高温,宇宙飞船被等离子体包围,完全失去通信联络的区域),才能进入大气,而后通过降落伞缓慢降落。
中国的宇宙飞船降落,经过降落伞减速后,最后可能是要通过“气袋包裹”的形式接触火星地表。 这是一种比较经济实惠的方法。和降落伞分离后,会有一个气袋将宇宙飞船和漫游小车包裹起来,其形成一个“不倒翁形态”,即无论以何种方向着地,最终都会触地后反弹几次,最后像不倒翁一样降落在火星上,重的部分在下,轻的部分在上(美国一般使用反射火箭降落,这种方式更加精准)。
到此,太空船上的漫游小车、电脑、通讯软件等硬件就可以“下船”并开始工作了。
不过,想与火星保持24小时通信,需要在地球上每120°经度设立一个通讯站,目前中国仅在天津有一个通讯站,仅能在24小时中保持8小时通讯。当“天问一号”到达火星后,中国是否会派出“远望号”到大西洋加长通讯时间,或是找到其他国家寻求合作,寻求24小时通讯,我们就不得而知了。
后续,“天问一号”将进行怎样的探测,火星又有怎样的历史?我们下期再聊!
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